1. Limited number of available addresses: IPv4 provides only a limited number of unique IP addresses, which is around 4.3 billion. With the increasing number of devices and users, this number is no longer sufficient.
1. Security vulnerabilities: IPv4 is prone to several security vulnerabilities such as IP spoofing, packet sniffing, and denial-of-service attacks, which can compromise network security.
1. Limited scalability: IPv4 is not scalable and cannot meet the demands of large and complex networks.
1. Fragmentation: Due to the use of variable-length headers, IPv4 can cause packet fragmentation, which can cause issues with network performance.
1. Inefficient routing: IPv4 uses classful addressing, which can lead to inefficient routing, resulting in increased network congestion and reduced performance.
1. Lack of Quality of Service (QoS) support: IPv4 does not support QoS, which makes it difficult to prioritize certain types of traffic over others, leading to degradation of service for some users.
1. No inherent support for mobile devices: IPv4 was not designed with mobile devices in mind, and its lack of support for mobility can cause issues with connectivity and network management.
